Business Ethics American Consumerism At Fault - 2176 Words

Gaby Santiago December 12, 2014 Business Ethics American Consumerism at Fault It’s irrefutable that the United States of America is the world’s foremost economic and political power. The combination of our country’s â€Å"Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 15.7 trillion dollars being almost a quarter of the total world’s GDP,†(Singh) coupled with being the leaders of the free world create an unparalleled nation. However, blinded by our convenient accessibility to everything and anything, we often forget that our consumer choices have repercussions to others across the globe. For many products, including apparel and food, we overconsume and underpay at the expense of the poor, our health and the environment. It’s time we, as a nation, shift†¦show more content†¦We don’t believe that our world has any limits. It’s part of what has been engrained into us as the American dream. We believe in limitless growth, wants, wealth, natural resources, energy and debts. In her piece, Toward a New Politics o f Consumption, Juliet Schor defines the conventional view of consumption. It assumes that individual consumers know best and will act in their own best interest, that no consumer policy is the best consumer policy, and that consumption is social (Schor). Conventional consumption is a problem because we unintentionally create a hell on earth and diminish ideals such as responsibility, accountability and neighborliness. It allows us to have wants and demand that they be instantly fulfilled. Our selfish desires are to blame for the systems in our world today that are responsible for the subjugations of humans in third world countries, the prominence of fast food restaurants and the availability of out of season produce in grocery stores across America. When thinking and acting like American consumers there are many ways to make better choices. Philosophers, like Wendell Berry, propose that to fix the problem we shift our ideas and create a world where we not only consider limits but also live within them. Moreover, Juliet Schor, in her alternative way of thinking, proposes some basic elements such as â€Å"a right to a decent standard of living, quality of life rather than quantity of stuff, and ecologically sustainableShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Marketing, Consumerism, Materialism and Ethics: the Modern Marketing Conundrum†4276 Words   |  18 Pagesquality of the product was taken for granted by the customer and with competition heating up companies had to differ themselves from their competitors on the basis of quality of service. So the focus shifted from quality to service. Later the concept of ethics came into existence. Companies had to market their products in an ethical and responsible manner. This created more pressur e on the companies. To tackle this problem the companies had to resort to aggressive marketing strategies. Companies knew thatRead More Ecotourism in South American Countries Essay3767 Words   |  16 PagesEcotourism in South American Countries Synopsis: We are living in a world that tends to put developed nations against indigenous peoples. Foreign developers seeking cheap labor and natural resources on untouched lands are exploiting cultures that have survived for centuries on their own. South America is a continent that possesses rich indigenous culture that is still relatively untouched by outsiders. Americans have the ability to preserve that heritage through organized efforts to encourageRead MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 Pagesall sorts of advertising messages, he is further confronted with other sharp practices of marketers such as deceptive advertising, high pressure selling, shoddy or unsafe products, planned obsolescence and arbitrary price increases. The Nigerian business environment is filled with so many corrupt and care free capitalists who care only about profit maximization and pay very little attention to customer satisfaction. Nearly every sector and industry tries to rip its customer of its hard earned moneyRead MoreGreen Marketing And Sustainability Strategies10066 Words   |  41 Pagesadequately adopting Green Marketing or sustainability strategies. Consumers on the other hand are aware that their purchasing affects the environment but are still not choosing to purchase more sustainable products. In many cases it is not the consumer’s fault they are not purchasing greener products, more so the responsibility belongs to the brands many of which have yet to adopt a good sustainable marketing strategy that works in meeting consumer needs on a product and emotional level. Green MarketingRead MoreBtec Level 3 in Business, Unit 1 the Business Environment18355 Words   |  74 PagesTask 1 Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of 2 contrasting types of businesses. Sole Trader A sole trader is a business owned by 1 person. It does not have limited liability meaning that if it fails and creates debts the owner is personally responsible for this. Sole trader’s usually have to work long hours and learn about all the aspects of business as many start up businesses cannot afford to hire people to take on other tasks. The owner is responsible for everything that goesRead MoreAnalysis of Nike Inc.9194 Words   |  37 Pagesentire of Nike’s story is ideal. In recent years, the company has faced criticism in connection with its use of contract labor in developing nations. The purpose of this case is to provide an understanding of the company’s background, its general business strategy, and its use of contract labor. The Athletic Apparel and Footwear Industry The athletic apparel and footwear industry experienced steady growth for more than two decades, beginning in the early 1980’s. For example, theRead MoreTata Teleservices Ltd Internship Report13209 Words   |  53 PagesA SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT ON A STUDY OF PROMOTION PRACTICE OF TTEB Prepared by:- Paghadar Sagar. PGP+MBA Stevens Business School Company Guide:- Mr. Chetan Gurjar Mobility Head Of (Gujarat) TATA Teleservices Ltd. College Guide:- Dr. Himani Joshi Acknowledgement:- In the realization of one’s objective man is not an independent identity. It is the combined efforts of the people from diverse circle. Keeping thisRead MoreThe Mind of a Marketing Manager26114 Words   |  105 PagesThinking: The mind of a marketing genius Thinking: The mind of a marketing genius * Where are the best opportunities for your business today? How do you stand out in crowded markets? How do you deliver the best solutions for customers, and the best returns to shareholders? * Where should you focus amidst this complexity? What is your competitive advantage? Which markets, brands, products and customers should you prioritize in order to maximize value creation? Read MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesCybernetic Paradigm and the Control Process, Designing Management Controls, Control Process Hierarchy – Contingency Approach to Management Control Systems: The Need for the Contingency Approach – Strategy and Control Systems: Corporate Strategy, Business Unit Strategy Chapter 3: Designing Management Control Systems: Steps in Designing Management Control Systems: Choice of Controls, Tightness of Controls – Factors Influencing the Design of Management Control Systems: Managerial Styles and the DesignRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmanagement 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, Am erican Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production

The Impact Of Anti Immigration Laws - 1395 Words

The Impact if Anti-Immigration Laws Ramonda Tatum Columbia College In April 2010, the state of Arizona passed what is now known as the most controversial immigration enforcement law. The â€Å"Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act†, later referenced as SB 1070, required immigrants to carry they registration document on their person at all times. This would seem like reasonable expectation, that one must always carry identification documents on them. However, the controversy surrounds the part of the bill that â€Å"requires police to question people if there’s reason to suspect they are in the U.S. illegally† (Bash, 2010). This created a statewide discrimination against Latinos as well as other who looked to be of foreign descent. Many other states passed similar laws after 2010. Most of those states experienced a similar backlash as Arizona because of the implications, tactics and negative impacts of the law. A few of the negative impacts included diminished trusts between the community and police, increased in occurrence of factors that lead to criminal behaviors, reduced citizen cooperation and the negative effects on the economy. While much of society opposed the law and its parameters, there are advocates for the law. Many advocates for the law believe that criminal activity will decrease, illegal immigrants will be discouraged from migrating to the area, and the job market will increase for documented residents. One of the mainShow MoreRelatedThe Alien Land Law ( 1913 )893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Alien Land Law (1913), alternatively known as the California Alien Land Law and the Webb-Haney Bill, was legislation passed by Governor Hiram Johnson (1866-1945, Gov. 1911-1917) which directed that Foreign Aliens and immigrants were ineligible for citizenship and by extension restricted from leasing and owning land. While not explicitly discriminatory towards a particular group, the intention and focus of the law was directed at Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States who face d increasinglyRead MoreThe Violence Of The State Of Pennsylvania s Ethnic Intimidation Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesplatform to speak out and express their anti-immigration sentiment. This is not to say that these crimes will happen to everyone, but with the recent support of exclusion and segregation these crimes are becoming more evident. The spike in crimes and act of hate, make on question why? And what does this mean for immigrants and the rest of the population. Myths and Counterarguments: First, it is important to understand the arguments against immigration to comprehend why this sentiment is increasingRead MoreImmigration Policies During The 9 / 11848 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterials cover the immigration policies, and meso-social analysis of how the immigrants in certain communities adapt. Rosenblum looks at the immigration policies before and after the 9/11 tragedy in the United States, and how the incident impacted the immigration laws amended/proposed, or blocked from passing (namely comprehensive immigration reform). Martin looks at the types of immigration, history of immigration and immigrations laws, and demographic, economical and political impacts of the immigrantsRead MoreSocial Studies Grade 8 : Immigration Research Project1677 Words   |  7 PagesKieran Doolabh May 16, 2016 Social Studies Grade 8 IMMIGRATION RESEARCH PROJECT Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. This is the quote on the Statue of Liberty, which greets hundreds of immigrants as they come into the United States. Many people have made the long, tiring journey from their home country to ours, and they still do today. People immigrate, but what does the word immigrate even mean? To immigrate is to leave one sRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 PagesMore harm than good? The impact of the United Kingdom’s laws and policies on sex workers’ and trafficked individuals’ human rights or Would U.K laws and policies on sex workers and trafficked individuals be more effective if society understood and accepted the problem? Research background and questions According to the United Kingdom Home Office, the anti†slavery legislation currently being upheld in the United Kingdom (hereinafter UK), uses the term modern slavery as a catch-all phrase whenRead MoreHow Has Your Thinking On Immigration Changed From The Beginning Of The Semester?901 Words   |  4 Pagesyour thinking on immigration changed from the beginning of the semester? My thoughts on immigration changed a lot because I think that I’m more able to analyze countries policies and especially the U.S policies toward Immigration. I used to think a country restrictive toward immigration was mostly linked to conservatism reasons but the liberal paradox mentioned in the first reading by Hollifield â€Å"The Emerging migration state† made me understand that they were more behind immigration restrictions. TheRead MoreThe Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act1454 Words   |  6 Pageschanged after the terrorist attack in 2001, making most of the American public scared of future terrorist attacks increasing their negative thinking toward immigration. After that horrible day, the government started making changes to their immigration policies, therefore creating awareness of immigrants. These biased thoughts about immigration create concern and angst towards these groups, which lead to prejudices. The media also l ikes to use realistic threats toward the American people includingRead MoreCons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Speech: 4 Minute: Cons By adopting the same anti-immigration laws as Arizona, Florida would be violating the very values of the constitution. My first point is the violation of civil rights. In order to clarify today’s debate, we offer the following definition: Civil rights are a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted action by government and private organizations and individuals and ensure one’s ability to participate in the civil and politicalRead MorePhilippine Immigration in the USA after 1990 Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe U.S. colonized the Philippines between 1900 and 1934. This had a significant impact on the mass immigration of the Filipinos. The Filipino immigrants were then made U.S. nationals and granted the opportunity of settling in the U.S. and protected by its law and constitution. The increase in demand for labor in California farmlands and Hawaiian plantation led to a surge of Filipino immigrants seeking these jobs (Abraham 14). They mostly came from the provinces of Cebu and Ilocos. The demand forRead MoreHispanic Migrant Politics And The Homeland Security State Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch with numerous activists, deportees, and policy makers across the country ranging from Los Angeles to Washington D.C. and abroad (Mexico and El Salvador). Gonzales argues that Latinos face a multidimensional form of political power he coins â€Å"anti-migrant hegemony,† that secures a legitimization for state violence against migrants through a race-neutral dialog regarding crime and combating terrorism. Gonzales presents an array of agents that have a stake in migrant politics and the Homeland

SAT free essay sample

You must complete your SAT work before 9 pm. Remember to practice your SAT sections before the upcoming test Im sure these phrases repeatedly surface around the lives of a typical high school teenager born into a typical asian family. For others, these phrases may not bring so much of a fond memory. For teens around the world, even more so for US teenagers, these years bring the most cumbersome obstacles but also at the same time transport with it cherished memories of new friendships and newly discovered passions. It is at these years that we truly attempt to find ourselves and strive to reveal inherent characteristics that we harbor that are not necessarily accepted by convention. Of course, at this stage we are like new born chicks trying to break free from our shells, the seemingly undefiable boundary set forth by our parents and our peers. Teenage years is also the time of constant struggle and battle with ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on SAT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even if we came upon some hint of new discovered ability, we would soon be suppressed because these abilities are new. Others, including parents and our peers fear that unique light emitted from individuals. Our peers resolve to drastic issues to prevent ones unique quality from surfacing, and they often do so by restricting those who may harbor the faintest trace of variability. Perhaps provoked by a natural sense of social instinct, we feel the dire necessity for conformity and thus resolve to supress that magical unique abiltity we inherently acquire. As a teenage asian female, I also used to fall victim to the so called accepted standards of beliefs. To please my parents and peers, I resolve to behave in the normal manner or a typical chinese student, studying endlessly for that perfect score on the test and aimlessly participating in some activities for the sake of college applications. At first I thought I would be contented enough to just follow through with the everyday tedi ous monotonous schedules. But as time progressed, I felt the tinge of resentment and unease gradually surfacing. At times I would even question the basis in which I would complete these tasks. I looked deep inside of myself and asked exactly what activity I truly harbor passion for. Suddenly, a realization struck me that all this time, I was trying to conform and please others. I never accomplished anything much for my own sake. At the same time, I detested this part of myself and want to discover, even aspire to bring forward some suppressed ability that I never knew I had. Of course, the path is by no means a easy one. Picture for example, starting out with an almost blank slate of chalk board and attempting to write or create something with the chalk in a matter of a few seconds. This is almost an impossible task. Nevertheless, I decided to not lose hope. I sincerely believed that the light that I hope to find is hidden somewhere in the obscurity of my own disillusions. From that point on, I decided to truly give myself an opportunity and truly let myself open up to all activities I participate in. Instead of viewing the activities as a source for that one or two lines on the college application, I started to appreciate those activities and perceive them as the medium for the path of self discovery. Gradually, I opened my mindset and no longer focused solely upon obtaining that perfect score, but learned for the sake of knowledge and a better understanding of the world that I live in. Inevitably, I also realized the extent of my previously held resentment dissolved and contentment and fervor for life substitued its position. In literature, we often associate ourselves as our greatest nemesis. Ive viewed to truly to take a form in reality. Of course, that is not to say that I have completely eradicated and surpassed the abilties of this nemesis. I believe that it will take on some other form and linger in the corner eventually for me to battle. But I hold wi th conviction one thing,by overcoming even the slightest obstacle I will ultimately advance to the top.

Legal Case Study free essay sample

Overall, he suffered financial loss from the negligent misstatement. To succeed in a negligence action, the plaintiff must prove all of the following: †¢the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of care †¢the defendant has failed to comply with the required standard of care †¢there has been material damage to the plaintiff †¢damage caused by the defendant is not too remote ?Duty of care As, for the first time, demonstrated in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson , negligence may exist despite there being no direct relationship between two parties. After the Shaddock’s Case , the duty of care was extended to include the giving of information. In general, defendant will owe the plaintiff a duty of care if, at the time of making the statement, the defendant knows that: †¢the statement will be communicated to the plaintiff; and †¢the plaintiff will be very likely to rely on the statement in deciding whether to enter into a transaction; and †¢there is a risk that the plaintiff will suffer financial loss if the statement is incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this case, The university owed Brad a duty of care. Firstly, Brad studied for two years in the University of Kew, which proves their close relationship. Secondly, Brad was attracted by the most important statement in the advertisement that he could become a CPA or CA as what the university alleged by entering the two-year accounting course. What he did applied the course and took effort to complete the course was based on the statement of the university. Meanwhile, there was a risk of the course being not accredited that would inevitably result in Brad’s financial loss. ?Breach of duty of care A person is negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm if - a. the risk was foreseeable; and b. the risk was significant; and c. in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the persons position would have taken those precautions. This is the general principle for the test of duty of care, which derives from the Lord Oliver’s speech in the case of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman . There exists a material risk of Brad being not able to become CPA or CA and being subject to economic loss, which is reasonably foreseeable due to the following reasons: †¢In the advertisement, it was indicated that the application of accreditation of the course was pending; and †¢The rejection to the application of accreditation of the course would undoubtedly lead to the failure of becoming CPA or CA as well as the loss of time and money. Since the material risk is foreseeable, the negligence calculus should come into play and this refers to what precautions the defendant should have taken to prevent the material risk from eventuating. The probability of the harm occurring: if the course was not accredited by professional bodies, it was likely to cause economic loss. †¢The likely seriousness of the harm: if Brad could not become CPA or CA through taking the course, the loss would be at least $460,000. †¢The burden of taking the precautions: reasonable persons wo uld have made the advertisement only if they had got the accreditation. It’s easy for the university to take reasonable care in giving the warning and other necessary information to Brad to avoid the risk while making the advertisement. Although footnote was made, further explanation should be provided because of the materiality of the risk. †¢The social utility of the conduct that created the risk : it is not only Brad who would suffer financial loss if the course was not accredited, but also other students would face the same situation; therefore, the total loss of all the students who enrolled in the course would be significant. ?Causation According to the case of Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd , laintiff needs to prove on the balance of probabilities that the loss would have been avoided if the plaintiff had not acted on the negligent misstatement. The university owed a liability to Brad because of the breach of duty of care and it is reasonable that the university should compensate Brad for the damage. If the university warned Brad that he might not become either a CPA or CA after his graduation when his application was accepted, Brad might not enrolled in the course and would not suffer from the loss of fees of and would not quit the job which was paid $200,000 each year. ? Remoteness As Privy Council held in the case of Wagon Mound (No 1) that a party can only be held liable for damage that was reasonably foreseeable, the defendant should not be responsible for losses that are ‘too remote’ from the breach. It is obviously that the university could foresee that Brad have to quit his job to finish the degree and also need to pay for the fees. ?Damages The aim of damages resulting from negligence is to provide the plaintiff with a lump sum of money that will put the plaintiff in the position that the plaintiff would have been in had the plaintiff not been harmed by the defendant’s negligence. If Brad did not enroll in the University, he did not need to pay for the tuition fees of $60,000 and could have earned the salary of $400,000 within two years for the same job. ?Contributory negligence to plaintiff Contributory negligence applies to cases where a plaintiff has, through his own negligence, contributed to the harm he suffered. In the case, the defendant, University of Kew has every reason to prove the negligence of Brad for following two reasons, leading to the reduction of the amount of damages. Firstly, the defendant is able to prove that: In the advertisement, it has been articulated that the accreditation application was pending and Brad should have noticed the content in the footnote. Moreover, when there was a rumour circulating among students and Brad’s friend warned him, Brad was supposed to question and check whether the course had been accredited by the accountancy professional. However, Brad ensured himself that there were no problems of the course. Brad should have taken common and ordinary caution and corresponding actions to protect his rights: ask for confirmation from the university about the accreditation of the course and seek for potential damages as early as possible. Obviously, in this case, Brad should bear the contributory negligence. To sum up, Brad has the rights to successfully sue the University of Kew for negligence and obtain damages, compensating for the economic loss. However, Brad’s contributory negligence may result in the reduction of damages, which means he should partly be responsible for the loss. Misleading and Deceptive ConductNegligent Misstatement Conduct by corporations in trade or commerce which is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive is prohibited in the law. This prohibition provides consumer protection to consumers in all situations with regard to trade and commerce. The negligent misstatement is one of the examples of conduct that is misleading or deceptive . Negligent misstatement relates to a representation of fact, which is carelessly made, and is relied on by another party to their disadvantage. To test whether a conduct misleads or deceives or is likely to mislead or deceive in respect of the negligent misstatement requires the plaintiff prove that: †¢The defendant’s statement is misleading or deceptive †¢The plaintiff relied on the defendant’s statement †¢ The plaintiff’s reliance is reasonable In this case, the university carelessly made the advertisement to attract any potential individual who is inclined to upgrade qualification and seeking to become CPA or CA. The statement in the advertisement seemed to mislead the readers to perceive that any who wants to become CPA or CA is easy just by taking the course as a student for two-year study. The course had not been accredited at the time when the university making the advertisement. Therefore, the lack of information about the accreditation would make it ambiguous for the readers to recognize the possible risk and failure of becoming CPA or CA. Brad is one of those readers who were attracted by the advertisement. Secondly, Brad relied on the statement to be determined to apply for the course and then quit the job for the full-time study. If he assumed that he could not become CPA or CA after the graduation from the university, as reasonable person, he would not take this course. As mentioned above that the reliance of the statement should be reasonable otherwise Brad or any other individual would not enter into the campus, quit the job and spend two years time just for a diploma which aids nothing, especially in the promotion of the job or any increase in salaries. Since the statement is misleading, Brad had the rights to sue for damages. Action against University of Kew in contract ?The existence of the contract There is clearly a contract between Brad and the University of Kew based on the requirements of the contract. The advertisement issued by the university is an invitation to treat to any person who interest in the Doctor of Accountancy course. The offer was made by Brad when he submitted the application form to the university. The university accepted the application and admitted Brad as a fee-paying student for the course. This process is regarded as the acceptance. In this agreement, Brad gave up $60,000 as the fee of course, meanwhile the university promised to provide educational services to him. Thus the agreement was made under the consideration. Although we can’t get complete details about the application form, no evidences prove that vague or uncertain terms are included. Thus the certainty of terms is met. Because the university accepted Brad’s application and both parties signed the enrolment form, it means that both Brad and university intend to form a legal relationship. So all the requirements are met and the contract is enforceable when both parties signed the agreement. ?Breach of contract Firstly, actual breach of a contract means the defendant did not do what has been promised. Then to clarify what the contract promised is the crucial part to judge whether and how the contract was breached. In the case, the statement made by the university in the advertisement should be the term of contract for the following reason. Whether a statement forms part of a collateral contract or just a representation depends on - †¢Statement was intended to be relied on; and †¢Reliance by the party alleging the existence of the contract; and †¢An intention, on the party of the maker of the statement to guarantee it is true In the case, a reasonable person, like Brad, would rely on the advertisement to apply for this course to upgrade qualification. This kind of statement could be seen as a promise. So the express terms of the contract will include the advertisement. Hence a term of the contract will be â€Å"Enroll in the Doctor of Accountancy course at the University of Kew and become a CPA or a CA†. When Brad finished this course he did not become either a CPA or CA. Then this term was breached by the University of Kew. Secondly, the implied terms of the contract indicates that in contracts which involve the provision of services, services will be performed with reasonable care and skill. The reasonable skill, according to the case of Red Class Pty Ltd v Rivers Locking Systems Pty Ltd , means the service should fulfill the customer’s purpose. The High Court viewed this reasonable skill as an implied term which was breached by defendant. In the case, the reasonable skill offered by university is to help Brad upgrade his qualifications, so he can increase chances of earning a higher income. But after he finished this course, he did not upgrade his qualification or get a chance to earn higher income neither. The implied term is breached as well. Finally, it might be hard to demonstrate the fact that terms above are breached, or the express term â€Å"Brad could become CPA or CA after he finished the course† might be not bound in the contract. Brad still could sue depends on Equitable Estoppel. As the case of Walton Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) , Stated by Brennan J, Equitable Estoppel requires that †¢There is a clearly assumption that a legal relationship would exist between plaintiff and defendant; and †¢The defendant has induced the plaintiff to rely on the assumption; and †¢The defendant acts in reliance on the assumption; and The defendant knew or intended to do so; and †¢plaintiffs action or inaction will occasion detriment if the assumption of expectation is not fulfilled; and †¢The defendant has failed to act to avoid the detriment In the case, there is an obvious assumption that between Brad and the University of Kew a legal relationship exists. The university acted and induc ed Brad to rely on the assumption. Otherwise, he would not quit the previous job to study. However, the university failed to act to avoid this detriment. Therefore, Brad has the right to ask for remedy for detriment ? Exclusion clause is ineffective Based on Contra Proferentem Rule, courts interpret terms that purport to exclude or limit for breach of contract strictly, against the party that is seeking to rely on the term. In this case, after Brad’s application had been accepted, the contract was done. According to Parol Evidence Rule, after the contract is done, the written document is presumed to be complete and no outside document could be used to contradict or change the words of the document. Even the exclusion clause was signed by Brad, it’s still too late to make it effective. ?Damages Because of the breach of contract, Brad can sue for damages and ask for compensate the loss. Firstly, Brad can be compensated for expectation damages. In the case of Howe v Teefy , when defendant breached the contract, plaintiff successfully compensated for the lost opportunity. It is more likely that Brad would have a chance to earn more salary yearly after becoming a CPA or a CA. However, the university breached the contract; Brad lost the opportunity to earn more. Thus, Brad can sue for this kind of damage. And just like the case Howe v Teefy, such losses are difficult to estimate. The plaintiff must provide evidence to prove that such losses not too remote and clearly exist. Secondly, Brad can be compensated for reliance damages. Comparing with Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd , Amann was awarded only expenditure part which reasonably incurred in reliance on the defendant’s promise. There is no profit for Brad resulted from the performance of contract in this case. Thus Brad is entitled to compensate the expenditure occurred during his 2-year study in University of Kew, which is tuition fee of $60,000. Otherwise, Brad began his studies at the cost of 2-year leave without pay from job. The potential expenditure is 2-year salary $400,000. Therefore the Brad can be compensated for two parts of reliance damages. Q2. Would your advice be different if Brad had had to pay a fee $30,000 for the course instead of a fee of 60,000? Explain The only difference is that Brad can sue for damage from breach of contract less. He can be compensated for expectation damages of $43,000, not $46,000. There are no other effect on sue in negligence, breach of contract and misleading. The different tuition fee is only related to define consumer contract under Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) s 4B. However, in our case, the educational service provided by University of Kew is ordinarily acquired by Brad for his personal purposes, which is to upgrade his qualification. Thus no matter how much the Brad paid for the course, the contract is definitely a consumer contract. But there is no effect on our advice.

How to Measure Motion in Plate Tectonics

How to Measure Motion in Plate Tectonics The lithospheric plates are the sections of Earths crust and upper mantle that move- very slowly- over the lower mantle below. We know that these plates move from two different lines of evidence- geodetic and geologic- which allow us to trace their movements back in geologic time. Geodetic Plate Motion Geodesy, the science of measuring the Earths shape and positions on it, allows us to measure plate motion directly using GPS, the Global Positioning System. This network of satellites is more stable than the Earths surface, so when a whole continent moves somewhere at a few centimeters per year, GPS can tell. The longer we record this information, the more accurate it becomes, and in much of the world, the numbers are already quite precise. Another thing GPS can show us is tectonic movements within plates. One assumption behind plate tectonics is that the lithosphere is rigid, and indeed that is still a sound and useful assumption. But parts of the plates are soft in comparison, like the Tibetan Plateau and the western American mountain belts. GPS data helps us separate blocks that move independently, even if only by a few millimeters per year. In the United States, the Sierra Nevada and Baja California micro-plates have been distinguished this way. Geologic Plate Motion: Present Three different geologic methods help determine the trajectories of plates: paleomagnetic, geometric, and seismic. The paleomagnetic method is based on the Earths magnetic field. In every volcanic eruption, iron-bearing minerals (mostly magnetite) become magnetized by the prevailing field as they cool. The direction in which theyre magnetized points to the nearest magnetic pole. Because oceanic lithosphere forms continuously by volcanism at spreading ridges, the whole oceanic plate bears a consistent magnetic signature. When the Earths magnetic field reverses direction, as it does for reasons not fully understood, the new rock takes on the reversed signature. Thus most of the seafloor has a striped pattern of magnetizations as if it were a piece of paper emerging from a fax machine (only its symmetrical across the spreading center). The differences in magnetization are slight, but sensitive magnetometers on ships and aircraft can detect them. The most recent magnetic-field reversal was 781,000 years ago, so mapping that reversal gives us a good idea of plate movements in the most recent geologic past. The geometric method gives us the spreading direction to go with the spreading speed. Its based on the transform faults along the mid-ocean ridges. If you look at a spreading ridge on a map, it has a stair-step pattern of segments at right angles. If the spreading segments are the treads, the transforms are the risers that connect them. Carefully measured, these transforms reveal directions of spread. With plate speeds and directions, we have velocities that can be plugged into equations. These velocities match the GPS measurements nicely. Seismic methods use the focal mechanisms of earthquakes to detect the orientation of faults. Although less accurate than paleomagnetic mapping and geometry, these methods are useful for measuring plate movements in parts of the globe that arent well mapped and have fewer GPS stations. Geologic Plate Motion: Past We can extend measurements into the geologic past in several ways. The simplest one is to extend paleomagnetic maps of the oceanic plates out from the spreading centers. Magnetic maps of the seafloor translate precisely into age maps. These maps also reveal how the plates changed velocity as collisions jostled them into rearrangements. Unfortunately, the seafloor is relatively young, no more than about 200 million years old, because it eventually disappears beneath other plates by subduction. As we look deeper into the past, we must rely more and more on paleomagnetism in continental rocks. As plate movements have rotated the continents, the ancient rocks have turned with them, and where their minerals once indicated north, they now point somewhere else, toward apparent poles. When you plot these apparent poles on a map, they appear to wander away from true north as rock ages go back in time. In fact, north does not change (usually), and the wandering paleo-poles tell a story of wandering continents. Together, the methods listed above allow us to produce an integrated timeline of the movement of the lithospheric plates, a tectonic travelogue that leads smoothly up to the present.

2012 Hurricane Names

2012 Hurricane Names 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 Below you will find the listing of hurricane names for the Atlantic Ocean for the year 2012. For every year, there is a pre-approved list of tropical storm and hurricane names. These lists have been generated by the National Hurricane Center since 1953. At first, the lists consisted of only female names; however, since 1979, the lists alternate between male and female. Hurricanes are named alphabetically from the list in chronological order. Thus the first tropical storm or hurricane of the year has a name that begins with A and the second is given the name that begins with B. The lists contain hurricane names that begin from A to W, but exclude names that begin with a Q or U. There are six lists that continue to rotate. The lists only change when there is a hurricane that is so devastating, the name is retired and another hurricane name replaces it. As there were no significant hurricanes in 2006, the 2012 hurricane name list is the same as the 2006 hurricane name list. 2012 Hurricane Names AlbertoBerylChrisDebbyErnestoFlorenceGordonHeleneIsaacJoyceKirkLeslieMichaelNadineOscarPattyRafaelSandyTonyValerieWilliam Join Me on Facebook | Follow Me on Twitter mrgeog

Decision To Downgrade The Yuan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision To Downgrade The Yuan - Essay Example One key reason for the devaluation of the Yuan to which the Chinese government and other players agree on is the fact that China is now willing to make financial reforms. The International Monetary Fund has, in particular, applauded the decision to downgrade the Yuan. The move is seen by both sides as part of measures by China to open up their financial systems and hence allow foreign exchange institutions to have more control over the value of the Yuan. Although the United States has been demanding that China embraces financial reforms they have rubbished the move claiming that the Chinese government is only doubling down. The United States demands are based on their belief that China for years has been rigging the rules and played currency games that have left American workers to suffer. Additionally, policymakers in the United States have interpreted the move has a way of countering their trade agreements with China's rivals such as Japan in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The deci sion to devalue the Yuan is part of currency manipulation games to gain an unfair trade advantage over the United States (Deng).One of the reasons that led to the downgrading of the Yuan according to China’s central bank is a way of shifting from an economy that depends on exports for growth to one that is based on consumer spending. The decision would further try to deflate the real estate market. Chinese policymakers were increasingly frustrated by the strategy of the export-dependent economy.

Separation of Powers in the U.S. Constitution Essay

Separation of Powers in the U.S. Constitution - Essay Example Congress is the only body with legislation powers in the United States. Nondelegation doctrine illustrates that Congress cannot delegate this law making duty, to any other organization. Supreme Court illustrated in Clinton v. City of New York (1998) that Congress cannot delegate to the president the â€Å"line-item veto† because of guarantees in the Constitution. Executive power and authority is vested and practiced by the President of United States. The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy, has authority to make appointments to office and treaties, the militia of states during service, receives ambassadors, receives public ministers, and ensures the faithful execution of the laws. Congress writes legislation to guide executive officials in the performance of the duties in accordance with the law. The Supreme Court in, INS v. Chadha (1983), illustrated that all legislative powers are vested in Congress; for bills to become law, they must be ap proved by the President (Kilman & Costello 158). Judicial power entails the ability of determining controversies and cases. This power is practiced by the Supreme Court, and junior courts initiated by Congress. It is not clearly illustrated, in the constitution, the superiority of any government branch over others. But, James Madison illustrated in Federalist 51 that each branch has different abilities to defend itself against actions of others; for instance, in the republican government, the predominant authority if legislative.

Classical Art Remakes Preserve Cultural Heritage for Future Generations Essay Example for Free

Classical Art Remakes Preserve Cultural Heritage for Future Generations Essay I. Introduction Hook: New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Thesis: I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. II. Body A. Topic sentence: First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † 1. Translation classics art into the language of the modernity. 2. Newer version or interpretation 3. Not a parody B. Topic sentence: Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. 1. Bottomless meaning 2. The remake is a lifebuoy 3. New life to long-forgotten artwork C. Topic sentence: Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. 1. A sign of ultimate fame of the original art 2. Highest prevalence 3. Absentee readers are always more than confrontations. III. Conclusion New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Classical art is a moral category, which is carrying the eternal content. Unfortunately, the classics, such us literature, cinematography or painting, is losing its relevance under the influence of time. Only remakes of classic art-works are evidence of their immortality. Someone thinks that remake is just another way to extract money, for example, from viewers, which wanted to see their favorite movie in the new interpretation. However, I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † Definition of the remake is quite simple: it is translation classics art into the language of the modernity. In other words, the remake it is a newer version or interpretation of previously published work. It is not a parody and does not quote a source, moreover remake fills classics with new and relevant content, but with caution on the sample. The author of remake does not look like parodist; he is not looking for weak spots of classical artwork to expose their murderous ridicule. On the contrary, remaker finely and carefully refers to the words, of which was woven the old fabric of the novel. Remeyker reflects on every character, every plot turn, stares at the familiar line, Remaker may be repeated passages of the original plot, types of characters, but he or she depicts them in a new historical, social and political conditions. Remakes chosen as the new heroes, the new women, centerfold, mental retardation, AIDS, drug users, and hackers. All of these characters for the most part people are good, spiritually rich, suffer reflection, ready to sacrifice, etc. Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. Classical art is full of bottomless meaning, useful for our youth, but it is very difficult to reach them through stall of misunderstanding, because of the difference between modernity and the past. I take the example of classical literature remake to verify it. If the young book reader is looking for models for answers to the vexed questions – Who I am? How to survive in the world? it is unlikely that the classic book will not be able to help him, because it is written in inaccessible and incomprehensible to him language. The reader is looking for the book, which speaks directly, without allegory. In this cause, the modern detective story-remake about official corruption and criminal fraud will touch the reader more alive than the Dead Souls, written about the same thing, but on the outdated language. Consequently, due to a remake, the classics artwork remains indestructible. The remake is a lifebuoy, which was thrown to drowning classical art. For example, a reader would pick up the new-Idiot, a colorful mix of photo models, expensive cars, luxury suites, black criminals would fascinate him. The reader had read to the end of the novel, and it was not about our time, it still would be Dostoevsky’s immortal creation. Due to remake, the reader was acquainted with the great writer Dostoevsky. If it was not interesting remake, adapted for modern times, I do not think that the idea of reading Dostoevsky’s books came to the modern reader’s head, because it seemed to him too boring. Another example to proof that remakes give new life to long-forgotten artwork. There was very popular film of Vera Storozheva â€Å"Heaven. Aircraft. Girl. † This picture is a remake of the Soviet film â€Å"Once again about love. † The younger generation is unlikely to have seen the original, but the storyline and drama, as reflected in the film, which starred Renata Litvinova, many have seen. Therefore, a remake it is second youth of the old classics. Perhaps remakes creating of the same classical can be every ten years. For the reason that, terminology is aging faster than the artwork is goes around the world, and it proves that remakes preserve the art and sneaked it through the years, but the remakers had to modify the original. Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. The  remake, its a sign of ultimate fame of the original art, its highest prevalence in the general cultural refinement of the horizon of the nation even as a folded label, the most general idea of the plot. I do not think that Anna Karenina Tolstoys novel – was reading by millions, but millions know that the heroine of this novel, committed suicide under the wheels of a train because of unrequited love. According to the article â€Å"Remakes or expansion of the classics† written by Marina Zagidullina and published in journal UFO in 2004, absentee readers are always more than face to face. The fame of the text is not only measured data forms libraries and sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The above given arguments witness in favor of my opinion that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations. In conclusion I want to emphasise that classic is like a queen, and a remake is her true servant even involuntarily, but he exposes his back, so she stepped through him in the future. Remake is a dialogue with classical artworks; it makes todays mass audience to feel involved in the great history of our past.

Single Parent vs. Traditional Family Essay example -- Parenting, Famil

Which behalf is the best side, the single parent versus the traditional family? A traditional family is defined or described as two parents working together to solve anything that goes on in their house. The advantage of a traditional family is that they are going to have a more stable income that will buy them a reasonable house or an apartment. â€Å"The traditional families have two parents, the mom and the dad, jointly raising kids with help and advice from each other† (Magnier). An accustomed family also expresses their feelings towards one another and has respect among others in their home. A dysfunctional family is usually described as conflicted adults living on their own. Although a dysfunctional family may sound inadequate, it is quite reputable. â€Å" Single parenting is already becoming a rapidly growing trend in the society† (Magnier). Single parents are very common in the US. Statistics say that one out of every two children in the US will live in a single parent household at one point before they reach their adult age. â€Å"The situations of single parents vary greatly: it may be that you are divorced, widowed or never married† (all-about-motherhood.com/advantages). Being a single parent states that an individual is strong enough to carry the parts of two roles in a house. Single parents are a good influence on their children and any other individuals because they can take care of their financial problems, have greater control over their kids, and the children tend to have greater independence when living with a single parent. One problem every single parent has is their financial situation. Single parents usually have a difficult time in supporting their child in every way financially. Divorced parents usually hav... ...ent to be able to nurture up a child in the right way by being a single parent. If the parent can build a strong foundation for the child, then consider that parent to be special and blessed because single parenting is not a walk in the park. Works Cited Magnier, Jenny. â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting on Children†. Ezine Articles. n.p. n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. McGrath, Victoria. â€Å"Causes and Effects of Single Parents†.Ehow.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Moore, M.F.T., Shellee. â€Å"How to Be the Best Single Parent You Can.† California Divorce Online: Orange County Divorce: Do It Yourself. Divorce Wizards: Expert Sources, Guidance, Lower Costs, 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. â€Å" The Advantages of Single Parenting†. All- About- Motherhood. n.p. n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. â€Å" The Disadvantages of Single Parenting†. All- About- Motherhood. n.p. n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.

Bottled Water Distribution In The Uk

The UK bottled water market, a sub segment of the soft drink market has continually increased it share of the soft drink market. Thomson (2008) reports that the UK market for bottled mineral and spring water alone experienced consideration expansion and is now worth an estimated E1. 7 billion annually, taking up about 15 percent of the soft drink sales in the UK. The market is projected to rise to 21 percent of the soft drink market by the end of 2008. Datamonitor (2007) reports that the UK bottled water market generated total revenues of $2.8 billion in 2006, representing a compound annual growth interest (CAGR) of 9. 4 percent for the period between 2002 and 2006. Further, market consumption volume is estimated at 2. 3 billion liters in 2006, representing a compound annual growth rate of 8. 5 percent between the same periods. The authors further projected that the performance of the bottled water market should increase by an anticipated compound annual growth rate of 8. 6 percent d uring the five year period ending in 2011 to about 3. 4 billion liters, expanding the market to about $4.2 billion by the end of 2011. The projected expansion of the market enhances the chances of new entrants into the market (Datamonitor, 2007; Thomson, 2008). The UK bottled water market is mainly comprised of sparkling flavored water, sparkling unflavored water, still flavored water and still unflavored water. Breaking down the market performance of each of this group of bottled water, Datamonitor reports that still unflavored water proves to be the most lucrative for the year ended 2006, generating revenues estimated at $1. 3817 million or taking up about 49.6 percent of the total market. This is closely followed by sales of sparkling unflavored bottled water that generated revenues of $916. 5 million representing 32. 9 percent of the market share. In sum, Thomson (2008) reports that still bottled water, both flavored and unflavored, accounts for 86% of the market (Thomson, 2008) . The entrance of Herbal Water into the UK bottled water market will be enhanced by a couple of factors. Most significant among these factors is the trend, the increasing demand for spring, mineral or nutrient rich water.Thomson (2008), reports that the market demand for mineral water continues to grow faster than other sections of the bottled water market. As mentioned previously, the market share for mineral water was estimated at ? 1. 7 billion annually in 2007 and it is projected to experience further growth. Furthermore, the author reports that there appears to be excess demands for the product, with several customers reporting that they experience out-of-stock, when shopping for mineral water in their grocery store.Ayala’s Herbal Water with her first herbally flavored water is expected to make a difference in the UK bottled water, especially within the mineral water sub-segment. The UK bottled water market has a fragmented structure with no definite distribution chain. Although major players like the multinational company Danone and Nestle are involved in the market, the major buyers are retailers. The most apparent distribution chain involves major retailers, such as larger supermarkets and hypermarkets like Tesco and Asda.Retailers are very concentrated in the UK bottled water market, taking up almost 50 percent of the market share. Other distribution channels include convenience stores, online trades and an increasing significance of hotel sales that has been experiencing growth lately. It is well established that retailers represent the major distribution channel for bottled water in the UK. Datamonitor reports that large supermarkets and hypermarkets take up 49 percent of the total market share of bottled water in the UK.However, two primary factors play significant roles in the buying capacity and choice of the retailers. It is reported that the buying choice of retailers is greatly influenced by the need to respond to the demands of the cus tomers. Thus, while retailers are the strongest distribution channel for bottled water, the choice is primarily influenced by the demands of the immediate customers they serve. This fact weakens the power of retailers relative to manufacturers with strong and well known brands. Consequent upon the above fact, brand significantly influences distribution of bottled water.While products may be differentiated and unique as a result of its content and characteristics, the herbal approach to water flavoring adopted by Herbal Water, for example, branding is most likely to play significant roles. Retailers will be more willing to stock popular brands that are in demand, and manufacturers of popular brands can get their product across the distribution channels of several retailers. However, Datamonitor (2007) contend that â€Å"Bottled water manufacturers and retailers operate in quite different businesses, and vertical integration rarely occurs to blur the boundaries between them.As bottle d water is a sub-segment of the soft drinks market, its importance to retailers is not very great, especially for the more powerful supermarket chains, which sell a wide variety of food and drink products† (p14). Again, the rivalry in the UK bottled water is further strengthened because retailers which play the most significant role in distribution do not experience any considerable costs in switching from one manufacturer product to the order, building strong brand around consumer loyalty can help defend manufacturers from this situation.Moreover, this increased rivalry is compensated for by the healthy revenue accruable to each manufacturer due to the huge market potentials of bottled water (Datamonitor, 2007). Convenience stores and hotel sales are other channels for distributing bottled water; these channels represent 19. 2 and 13. 6 percents of total market volume respectively, while other channels such as the increasing demand for bottled water in the leisure industry ac counts for 22. 4 percent of total market volume.In sum, the UK bottled water market is has retailers as the primary buyers, these are well concentrated in the market and determines the success of any bottled water manufacturer in the market, although, to a large extent their buying power is influenced by the demands and choice of the customers they supply. Convenience stores and online sales are important channels, but they do not directly influence consumer loyalty and branding as would the retailers chain.The fragmentation of the UK bottled water has both positive and negative implications, but the ability of the Herbal Water Company to effectively harness the positive implications should greatly enhance the success of its product in the UK market. References Datamonitor (2007). Bottled Water in the United Kingdom: Industry Profile. Reference Code: 0183-0016. Thomson, Steven (2008). Bottled Spring Water. Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh. Acessed 24 Mar, 2008. Available at (Feb 6, 2008).

Fast food restaurant Essay

Analysis on Fast Food Culture and Its Double-side Effects to the world from the Development of American Fast Food ?. Introduction Fast food is becoming more and more popular around the world these years. It is estimated that there are more than 100 branches of McDonald’s and KFC only in Beijing. The appearances of the fast-food arouse a new thing named â€Å"fast-food culture†, and also the debate about this culture by people. ?. Brief history of American fast food 1. McDonald’s two brothers named Richard and Maurice McDonald left their home in New Hampshire and seeking jobs in southern California. At first they tried opening a theater but it was not a success. Then they caught on to the new craze of eating at drive-in restaurants and they opened one in 1939, in Pasadena, California, calling it â€Å"McDonald’s Famous Hamburgers†. (http://hi. baidu. com/) 2. The Emergences and Expansion of KFC KFC, shorted from Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads , sandwiches and so on. The popularity and novelty of KFC made it famous and popular throughout the world. The fast food like KFC is also developed in the whole world. (http://www. kfc. com. cn) ?. The Development of Fast Food Industry Most people think that it is the McDonald brothers who start the fast-food craze in America, but in reality, it is the White Castle hamburger chain that actually started fast food history in America. J. Walter Anderson opened the first White Castle in 1916 in Wichita, Kansas, Richard and Maurice McDonald, the two brothers who created the first McDonald’s restaurant in 1948 in San Bernardino, California. By 1953, the brothers had decided to franchise their idea, and two franchisees opened in Downey, California and Phoenix, Arizona. Today, fast food chains have spread all around the world, and have spread American culture right along with them. There are many more popular chains, like Carl’s Jr. , Arby’s, Domino’s and Dairy Queen, indicating that fast food isn’t always about hamburgers. ?. Globalization In 2006, the global fast food market grew by 4. 8% (Linda Stradley, 2008) Globalization is that the world is moving away from self-contained national economies towards an interdependent, integrated global economic system. It refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Fast food is becoming more and more popular around the world these years. It is estimated that there are more than 100 branches of McDonald’s and KFC only in Beijing. But the fast food sell in China which crude material is always manufactures in other countries. So if something changed in China, it is sure affects other countries. Fast food is already spread into the world, it is sure increase the knowledge between countries. Conclusion Throughout the world, American fast-food chains have become symbols of Western economic development, opening everywhere from Bulgaria to Western Samoa.and attracted a large number of consumers and the economic benefits. Fast food industry is decided by the development of social progress and economic development, it improves people’s living standards and way of life. The fast food industry is an important industry of living environment and investment environment, and also an important component of the consumer leisure, tourism, consumption, shopping and spending. The competition in the fast food market is very intensely, but should be focused on one aspect: that is, to eat fast food with nutrition, health. High-calorie fast food as a high-fat food is not suitable for eating. Fast food does have double-sided effects on the development of economy and people’s life. Though fast food still have so many shortages of this or that, This kind of food culture is true developed to be part of people’s life, no matter the criticism of fast food is true or not, fast food is still to be a trend in the future. Works Cited Linda Stradley. 2008. What’s Cooking America New York: New York University Press http://hi. baidu. com/ http://www. kfc. com. cn.

Indra Nooyi - Leadership Style

Indra Nooyi - Leadership Style Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi, who is a woman comes from India, she is a manager and leader of PepsiCo Incorporated. At her age of 50, she became the CEO. Leader is a role of a team or organization, the ideas he/she thinks about and the strategy he/she decides will play an important role in a group. In addition, being a successful leader generally needs to have more high requirements, such as the managerial knowledge, communicational skill, creative ability and especially his/her leadership style. There is no doubt that Nooyi can be equal to such a great position today because she not only is equipped with these conditions but also she has an excellent leadership style. According to Darling and Leffel's (2001) framework, this paper will evaluate how Indra Nooyi develops her leadership style of Analyzer and Director and become a successful as well as effective leader.Kreitner and Kinicki (as cited in Darling Leffel, 2001, p356) state leadership is a process where on individual guide and assist a group to achieve a common goal.DAVOS-KLOSTERS/SWITZERLAND, 29JAN09 - Indra Nooyi,...Being a successful leader, he/she should have profound knowledge as well as skills. Additionally, Leadership is distinguished form management and this distinction is crucial. Kotterman (2006) explains that to management is that taking responsibility to accomplish and conduct the tasks as well as target. However, he also states that to lead means to direct and influence by an action as well as opinion. Furthermore, Darling and Leffel (2001) point out that leadership styles can be classified into four types which include Analyzer, Connector, Director and Creator, all of which are various. However, different leaders and styles are required in different situations, which is what Morrison (2000) illustrates that different leadership styles generate different influence and significance on the entrepreneurial spirit.According to Darling and...

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes In 1915, Canadian soldier  John McCrae wrote a poem called In Flanders Fields. McCrae had served in the Second Battle of Ypres in Flanders, Belgium. He wrote In Flanders Fields after a friend died in battle  and was buried with a simple wooden cross as a marker. The poem describes similar graves on the fields of Flanders, fields that were once alive with red poppies but were now filled with the bodies of dead soldiers. The poem also highlights one of the ironies of war- that soldiers must die so that a nation of people may live. As is the case with most of the British Commonwealth countries,  Remembrance Day in Canada is celebrated on November 11. To mark the occasion, Canadians observe a minute of silence and visit memorials to honor the soldiers who died for their country. The poppy symbolizes  Remembrance Day, and some people wear the flower as a sign of respect. At the National War Memorial, a ceremony is held to honor the soldiers. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is also an important landmark where people show their respect. Canada has always been known for its peaceful people, vibrant culture, and beautiful countryside. But even more than that, Canada is known for its patriotism. On Remembrance Day, salute those patriotic men and women who have served their nation by reading some of the quotes  below. John McCrae In Flanders Fields, the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Jose Narosky In war, there are no unwounded soldiers. Aaron Kilbourn The dead soldiers silence sings our national anthem. Thomas Dunn English But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, is their monument today, and for aye. Joseph Drake And they who for their country die shall fill an honored grave, for glory lights the soldiers tomb, and beauty weeps the brave. Agnes Macphail Patriotism is not dying for ones country, it is living for ones country. And for humanity. Perhaps that is not as romantic, but its better. John Diefenbaker I am a Canadian, free to speak without fear, free to worship in my own way, free to stand for what I think right, free to oppose what I believe wrong, or free to choose those who shall govern my country. This heritage of freedom I pledge to uphold for myself and all mankind. Pierre Trudeau Our hopes are high. Our faith in the people is great. Our courage is strong. And our dreams for this beautiful country will never die. Lester Pearson Whether we live together in confidence and cohesion; with more faith and pride in ourselves and less self-doubt and hesitation; strong in the conviction that the destiny of Canada is to unite, not divide; sharing in cooperation, not in separation or in conflict; respecting our past and welcoming our future. Paul Kopas Canadian nationalism is a subtle, easily misunderstood but powerful reality, expressed in a way that is not  state-directed- something like a beer commercial or the death of a significant Canadian figure. Adrienne Clarkson We only need to look at what we are really doing in the world and at home and well know what it is to be Canadian.

Peer response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Peer response - Assignment Example As such, the outcome could manifest some commonalities; yet, due to the diversity of people’s traits, personalities, preferences, as well as values and beliefs systems, some of the conceptual frameworks could generate disparate results. For instance, the belief that people get what they deserve could be contested when some factors beyond people’s control could have significantly changed their courses of life. A natural disaster, for instance, could simply wipe out an entire local population, despite the people’s striving to make their lives better. Overall, one share similar contentions that social psychology is an interesting field of study due to the multi-disciplinary endeavors that come into play. As such, people, as a social being, in a natural environment, could only do so much to plan and design their lives, according to factors that are within their control. Yet, we cannot dispute that the external environment poses both opportunities and threats which could be beyond people’s control. As such, our abilities to mitigate risks and develop resiliency assist in putting us back on track and achieving what we have planned in the first place, for personal and professional

Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Services - Essay Example In December 2010, the Basel Committee had come up with a fresh version of its latest standards for bank capital as well as liquidity obligations. This latest set of worldwide regulatory standards for banks is referred to as the Basel III. The core facets of Basel III are planned to be realised as nationwide regulation by the first half of 2013. However, while certain portions of the new Basel principles are supposed to become effectual upon execution, the others would be implemented over a phase of numerous years. The main reason for the development of the Basel III was the deficits in the financial policies of the Basel Accord II that were exposed during the worldwide financial calamity in the year 2008 (Bank for International Settlements, 2011). This paper critically examines the general approach to measuring capital adequacy levels of banks as per the new standards implemented by the Basel III. The paper subsequently discusses the drawbacks of the Basel II standards that were expo sed during the 2008 worldwide financial catastrophe and which consequently led to the development of the Basel III standards. Additionally, the paper also appraises whether the imposition of the Basel III standards for capital adequacy as well as liquidity obligations of bank will be sufficient to prevent a further financial calamity in future. Background to Basel III Various regulatory bodies have recognised that the prevalent strategies of capital regulations of the banks in the United States as well as the European Union, on the basis of the Basel I and the Basel II Accords as a major reason contributing to the 2008 financial disaster (Shearman & Sterling, 2011; Dowd & Et. Al., 2011). This can be substantiated from the fact that under the prevalent... The paper tells that various regulatory bodies have recognised that the prevalent strategies of capital regulations of the banks in the United States as well as the European Union, on the basis of the Basel I and the Basel II Accords as a major reason contributing to the 2008 financial disaster. This can be substantiated from the fact that under the prevalent capital adequacy policies prior to the financial crisis, the least regulatory capital obligations of banks were inadequate. The low capital obligations imposed on the banks as per the Basel II in addition to certain standards linked to the Basel I were deficient in the context of the elevated exposures and real tangible losses endured by the banking entities during the economic downturn. It was also stated that the quality of the capital maintained by the banks as per regulations were time and again found to be inadequate in absorbing the losses sustained by the banks during the economic crisis successfully. The capital adequacy policies set as per the standards of the Basel II along with that of the Basel I, did not sufficiently detain the risks that were caused by bank exposures to certain dealings. The transactions or dealings that increased the exposures of the banks that the regulatory standards failed to capture were securitisations, repurchase agreements and derivatives. The regulatory policies of Basel I and Basel II also failed to effectively take into account the systemic risks related to the upsurge of leverage in the fiscal and monetary system.

Financial statements interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial statements interpretation - Essay Example The main reason is that the ratios are simple to calculate. Moreover, they provide a standard for comparison between companies or between the company and the industry in general. They can also be applied to various time periods of the same company and can provide valuable information related to the trend and future prospects (Pendlebury and Groves, 2004). The ratios that are chosen for analyzing VDB Limited include Operating Profit Margin, Return on Assets, Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Average Collection Period, Stock turnover period. The ratios are computed for VDB Limited based on the financial statements provided for the two years. This will provide a base for comparison of the The profit margin is the measure of the company's ability to earn profit from the generated revenue. This is a very important and crucial ratio as this depicts the earning capacity of the company (Samuels et al, 2000). It is clear from the values that the profit margin has declined steeply in 2008 relative to 2007. Though the revenue is much higher in 2008, the purchases and the expenses are relatively higher and hence lesser profits. This ratio measures the income generating ability of the assets. ... This ratio is necessary, since the income or the earnings is given higher importance and a company should not only have high revenues, but should also earn the income from it. The return on assets is computed as Return on Assets = (Net Income / Total Assets) * 100 Profitability 2007 2008 Return on Assets 10.53% 7.89% It is evident that the assets are not being utilized at the same level as that of 2007. The income generating ability of the assets has come down in 2008. iii. Current Ratio: The current ratio is a measure of the company's ability to cover its current liabilities using its current assets (Samuels et al, 2000). It is computed as Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Ratio 2007 2008 Current Ratio 3.16 2.96 The current ratio is a measure of liquidity and it indicates that VDB Limited is well positioned in terms of liquidity and will be able to cover its liabilities. Though the ratio has reduced in 2008, it is still very substantial and a healthy value. iv. Quick Ratio: The quick ratio is a measure of the company's ability to cover its current liabilities using its liquid assets. The assets included in this ratio are those which can be easily converted to cash (Samuels et al, 2000). It is computed as Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventories) / Current Liabilities Ratio 2007 2008 Current Ratio 1.5 1.48 VDB Limited has sufficient liquid assets to cover the current liabilities. There is no change in the quick ratio in 2008. v. Average Collection Period: The time period (no. of days) taken to collect the receivables is a crucial measure that illustrates the company's ability to collect the debts (Samuels et al, 2000). It is computed as Average Collection Period = (Average (net) Receivables) / Net Sales) *

What Factors Effect The Climate Environmental Sciences Essay

What Factors Effect The Climate Environmental Sciences Essay Scientists used the word Climate to describe the precipitation and temperature of an area for a long period of time. They have defined the factors that have a great effect on temperature. These factors include latitude, wind, elevation, as well as the effect of the nearby ocean currents. The scientists pointed out that the factors which contribute primarily to precipitation are the prevailing winds and mountain ranges. As for the earths major climate zone, the scientists have divided the earth into three main regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. In this study, we will discuss all that matters in details in addition to other matters which are related to the climate. (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) Factors affecting climate 1.1 Elevation: it is clear that the higher you go, the colder it gets. When oxygen becomes less in the air, it affects vegetation. The oxygen exists in the rain shadow of mountains leads to relief rain ( in the matter of fact the monsoons occurred when air goes up to passes over the Himalayas, carrying a lot of water. When it goes up, it cools and so cant carry the water, therefore it rains). 1.2 Latitude, location: the further you are from the equator, the colder it is. This because the sun rays coming on the earth are less and, therefore, they have less warming effect because the angle of the planet becomes near water resulting in altering the high specific heat capacity comparing to land. This means that water has the ability to absorb a lot of energy without showing a very big change in the temperature. The reverse is also true. Therefore the islands and areas which are surrounded by water have fewer variations in the temperature degree over the course of the year (including day and night, than continental places. (William F. Ruddiman (2005) 1.3 Wind: in the matter of fact, wind leads to reducing the ability of a place to support life. This because it removes away all the soil as well as what is needed to start life. At the coast, for example ,life only begins on the strand line because that keeps providing a little shelter against the wind , therefore the plants become capable to grow and they, in turn, lead to trapping the debris to become a bigger wind shelter etc. however, without the wind shelter, it would have just blown away. 1.4 Oceans: the oceans have a great effect on the climate. The Indian Ocean, for example, represents a signature of climate change over the past years. It has showed the temperatures the climate near Australia. By measuring and analyzing the climate, it is clear that there are changes in features of the ocean that cannot be explained by natural variability. These changes on the ocean climate are almost related to changes in the heat structure of the atmosphere and this affected the temperature of water by raising it in the Indian Ocean of around two degrees Celsius. There are many other factors such as atmosphere (thickness, composition), shape of land, ozone, and natural disaster such volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc. 2.0 Earths major climate zone Polar It is a known fact that the polar climate zone goes from North and South Poles to 60 degrees latitude. The annually average temperatures stand below freezing, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. There are some famous polar zones which include Alaskas and Canadas northern coasts as well as the southernmost tip of South America, in which the snow melts during the warmest periods of the year. Many areas have layers of ice or glaciers. They get up to 10 inches of precipitation yearly, this, in turn; result in making the area very dry. 2.2 Temperate It is a known fact that the temperate zone is situated between the arctic or Polar Regions and the tropics, ranging from nearly 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees latitude, north and south of the equator. The areas which are very far from the equator may have snow during the winter season. The rains fall throughout the year closer to the equator. Yearly, the average temperatures range from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Inland deserts are also included in temperate zone includes, such as the Gobi Desert in Central Asia and the Great Sandy Desert in Australia. (Edwards, et.al; (2001) 2.3 Tropical Zones Tropical zones, in the matter of fact, tend to cover the area ranging from the Tropic of Capricorn, situated at 23.5 degrees south latitude, up to the Tropic of Cancer, situated at 23.5 degrees north latitude. The Tropical zones include high temperatures as well as humidity levels. Throughout the year, the temperature degree remains above 64 Fahrenheit. Throughout the day, temperature degree sometimes exceeds 95 Fahrenheit. It is known that the tropical climates have sub-tropical zones including rainforests, semi-arid zones and savannas. These climates have high levels of humidity as a result of the air convection and vertical uplift. Climate Changes In the matter of fact, the climate changes all over the world. Actually, we have new changes in the climate throughout the world. No one, all over the world, can deny this fact. Those changes may have a great effect on life throughout the world in general and on the Arabic area in particular. In fact, the problem of climate change has a relationship with the problems of the water or rivers resources and human health; therefore, these changes may have a negative effect on the economy of various countries throughout the world. Rising of temperature may lead to the destruction of many beaches; the matter may result in causing harm to the animals in the oceans. World Climate Type The KÃ ¶ppen Climate Classification System is the system which is used throughout the world to classify the various types of climates in the world. The categories of this system are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature as well as precipitation. The KÃ ¶ppen system has identintified five major types of climate , each one of these types is distinguished by a capital letter. A Tropical Moist Climates: it a known fact that this type of climate has average temperatures exceeding 18Â ° Celsius all months. B Dry Climates: it is well known that this type of climate has deficient precipitation nearly throughout the year. C Moist Mid-latitude Climates: this type of has Mild Winters. D Moist Mid-Latitude Climates: this type of climate has Cold Winters. E Polar Climates: this kind of climate has extremely cold winters and summers (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) There are also 8 biomes. It is known that they represent the tropical forest, dessert, temperate grassland, savannah, temperate forest, coniferous (pine) forest, chaparral and tundra. There are some people who may count High Mountain and arctic as two extra biomes, however they theyre not really biomes because they dont have almost n plant life, How the oceans influence the climate It is a well known fact that the oceans have a great influence on the climate over long as well as short time-scales. On the longest time-scale of geologic time, the location and shape of the continents leads to specify the oceans circulation patterns. As continental plates drift at nearly 5 cm per year and mountain ranges rise by nearly 1 mm, it takes usually many years for new land formations in order to change the oceans. In the matter of fact, the patterns of ocean circulation can also change rapidly, leading to climate fluctuations and variations on a human time-scale. Records of regional, in particular, and global, in general, climate indicates periods continuing from years to centuries during which the climate was systematically different from earlier and later periods. Most of the scientists believe that this behavior has a relationship with the changes in the way that the oceans store and transport heat, though the precise causes of these changes are not always clear. (D. Qi n, et.al; 2007) The scientists assured that there is a strong link between the oceans and the atmosphere indicating that they together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. The temperature and circulation patterns of the atmosphere-ocean system can be altered as a result of changes in external factors such the distribution of various plant species, the suns energy or the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Atmosphere and oceans can also generate internal fluctuations because they are turbulent. The currents and temperature of the underlying ocean can also be directly influenced by the short-term changes and fluctuations in wind or temperature (namely, weather), meanwhile oceanic fluctuations can diminish, magnify, or modify the atmospheric fluctuations. The scientists assured that the oceans play an important role in storing carbon and heat. The change in temperature becomes greater and faster over the land than the over the oceans especially when the earths surface cools or is heated by the sun. The ocean spread the effects of the temperature change for great distances through vertical mixing and convective movements because it is a fluid. On the contrary, the solid land cannot, therefore the suns heat penetrates only the thin, upper crust. The oceans ability to absorb more heat resulted in that when an area of ocean becomes cooler or warmer than usual, it takes much longer for that area to revert to normal than it would for a land area. This clarifies the reason that makes maritime climates tend to be less extreme than continental ones, with smaller day-night and winter-summer differences. The powerful currents lead to moving the oceans waters constantly. The currents of the surface are largely wind-driven, though the presence of continents, the rotation of the earth, as well as the oceans internal dynamics have a great influence. The density differences produced by cooling and heating as well as by and evaporation and precipitation lead to driving the deep-ocean flow. The behavior of the atmosphere actually has great effects on these density differences. Clouds, for example, can lead to cooling the sea by preventing the warming rays coming from the sun or reducing the surface salinity by bringing rain. The wind can also have a great influence on the evaporation rates by blowing more weakly or more strongly. By transporting heat, these currents have a great influence on the climate. The horizontal currents, especially the currents moving north or south, can carry cooled or warmed or water as far as many thousand kilometers. After that, the displaced water can cool or warm the air as well as the land over which this air passes. Water from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, for example, moves north through the Atlantic in a current with is well known as the Gulf Stream. There it passes the shores of Western Europe, resulting in producing the climate which is mild for that latitude. Scientists asserted that the currents which are involved in deep-water formation are very important for climate. Surface cooling, in winter, makes water become denser. (As the fresh-water which is cooled begins to expand at temperatures less than 4 C, salt-water continues to compress all the way down to its freezing point of -2 C.) .In the areas where the evaporation becomes more than precipitation, the resulting rise in salinity leads increasing density. Convective overturning occurs as well as the dense surface water mixes downwards especially when the surface water becomes denser than the underlying water. In some places this downward mixing can extend all the way to the bottom, even in deep oceans. Therefore, the dense, deep water which is formed spreads throughout the ocean. When the downward mixing occurs at high latitudes, as a result, it leads to creating a circulation pattern where the warm water from tropical and subtropical regions moves pole ward, surrenders heat to the a tmosphere, sinks, cools and flows back towards the equator. This in turn resulted in transporting the heat pole ward. Now it becomes clear that a small change in just one aspect of the oceans behavior can result in producing major climate variations over very bi areas of the earth. The cold-water formation areas represent good example of this possibly wide-spread phenomenon. Although the scientists asserted that there is an urgent need for conducting more researches, the oceanographers agreed that, as for the whole area north of 30 N latitude, the oceans pole ward transport of heat is equivalent to nearly 15 watts per square meter of the earths surface (W/m2). This actually can be compared with about 200 W/m2 from direct sunshine, and nearly 6 W/m2 for what climate change models predict will happen if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide doubles. Ocean core records, recent observations, and many results denoted that North Atlantic deep-water formation as well as its ocean heat flow changes and fluctuate substantially over time-scales ranging from years up to millennia. Effect of climate change on oceans In the matter of fact, the climate change and variation may have a great effect on the oceans throughout the world. Actually, from the south Arctic with its diminishing sea ice to the new low-lying beach areas in England to the Great Barrier Reef, the temperature of the planet raised more than the last century. The sea level is continuously rising. The CO2 gas levels are constantly increasing. The planets and animals are appearing in some areas and disappearing from others. As for the climate variation and change, the oceans represent a wonderful source of indicators. The climate change, in general, has a great effect on these oceans are affected. The Climate change has also a great effect on the ocean animals such as the sea turtles, polar bears, penguins, right whales, lobsters, seals, and cod. The beach sea fish are also involved; therefore it is too important to work on ways that may lead to reducing the negative impacts that the climate has by supporting the research, creating p ristine marine protected sanctuaries and promoting sustainable seafood. (Hansen, et.al: (2000). Conclusion Finally, we can safely say that climate play an important role in our world. In this study, we have tried to cover some of the main sides of the climate in the world. First, we touched upon one of the main sides of the climate in the world, namely, the factors that have a great effect on the climate explaining how these factors affect the climate greatly. Then we moved to another important point, that is, the earths major climate zone explaining how the scientists have divided the earth into three major regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. We didnt stop at this point, but we continue to shed the light on the world climate type, the oceans influence on the climate and the effect of climate change on oceans to end our study with the effect of the climate change on the Indian Ocean.

Leadership and Management at the Coca Cola Company Essay -- Business M

Leadership and Management at the Coca Cola Company Business is an economic institution whose goal is economic Survival and whose activities are dominated by the profit motive. Its primary purpose is to create and satisfy a customer and make a profit. To achieve this purpose, business must be skilfully managed. Management is defined as the art of conducting and supervising a business or as using judgment in business affairs. A manager is one who actively directs, controls and manipulates his or her business environment in a manner that takes account of the risks involved in order to realize monetary gain. Successful business leaders have stressed that good management skills, whether in a large corporation or in a one-person business, are vital to the success of a business. Many small business people may be good at launching their venture, but weak in managing the development and later stages of the business. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN A MANAGER AND A LEADER Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must possess. Care must be taken in distinguishing between the two concepts. The main aim of a manager is to maximise the output of the organisation through administrative implementation. To achieve this, managers must undertake the following functions: * Organisation * Planning * Staffing * Directing * Controlling Leadership is just one important component of the directing function. A manager cannot just be a leader; he also needs formal authority to be effective. In some circumstances, leadership is not required. For example, self-motivated groups may not require a single leader and may find leaders dominating. The fact that a leader is not always required p... ...f management style involves empowerment. In this management style individuals and teams are given responsibilities and decisions to make, usually within a given framework. If anything wrong happens then the individuals and teams are then held responsible for the decisions that are chosen. With this type of management style it allows the manager to feel comfortable with other people in the organization making some of the decisions. Democratic managers will often want feed back from their employees on decisions being made. Democratic leaders listen and act on the opinions of the group. This type of management is good as it makes the employees happy and productivity is high. This is very good because employee's thoughts and suggestions are listened to by the business. This makes the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughts are valid.

Critical incident in public health Essay

This script is an analysis of a critical incident which occurred during a home visit in one of the suburbs of Cape Coast Metropolis. A brief description of the incident will be given including the interventions that were given and recommendations for future occurrence. I will apply the Gibbs (1988) reflective model to identify strengths and weaknesses observed in the analysis and how they may be enhanced. In conclusion, the lessons gathered from the incident will be stated. Pseudonyms will be used here to maintain confidentiality. NMC (2000) Critical incidents are defined as extreme behavior either outstandingly effective or ineffective with respect to attaining the general aims of the activity. The procedure has considerable efficiency because of the use of only the extremes of behavior. It is well known that the extreme incidents can be more accurately identified than behavior which is more nearly average in character. Flanagan (1954). If we were to add the critical incident to Cre swell’s (1998) list of qualitative traditions, we would describe its distinctive features as the following; a) Focus is on critical events, experience of a specific situation or event. b) Discipline origin is from individual trial and organizational psychology. c) Data collection is primarily through interviews either in person or on telephone. During a home visit exercise to one of the communities within the catchment area of the public health unit, we went to a house to see the clients who visit our facility for child welfare clinic. On this visit, we seized the opportunity to address the health needs of the house hold members as it was observed to have problems with environmental hygiene. This was when one member of the house told us about a pregnant woman who abuses alcohol. I was alarmed to hear that, so this got me curious to learn more. Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or the methods which are themselves harmful. Some of the drugs often associated with this term includes; alcohol, barbiturates, substituted amphetamines, cocaine and opiods. Mosby’s Medical Nursing and Allied Health dictionary (2002). Public health practitioners have attempted to look at substance use from a broader perspective than the individu al, emphasizing the role of society, culture  and availability. A study done in 2010 asked drug-harm experts to rank various illegal and legal drugs. Alcohol was found to be the most dangerous by far. Behave net.com. Madam AA is a 24 year old woman who co habits with a blind man, her boyfriend. The man takes care of her especially all her financial needs but she has one particular problem which according her is the cause of her recent drinking habit. According to madam AA, she wished her boyfriend had performed the necessary marriage rite so that she can also be addressed as a â€Å"Mrs.† Earlier on, Madam AA admitted that, she used to drink alcohol occasionally but the trend has now increased to drinking alcohol every day, an act her boyfriend and siblings abhors very much. Upon further questioning, she admitted that she has defaulted from Antenatal Care (ANC) services because the Tablet Fersolate she takes changes the color of her stools to green which is unpleasant to her. The public health nurse educated Madam AA on some of the benefit s that one can get from attending ANC services. A colleague also promised her to substitute the Tablet Fersolate with Tablet Vitafol which she agreed to. Madam AA’s sister added that her drinking habit is so bad that she normally trips over the abdomen. I spoke to Madam AA about the danger she is exposing her unborn child and that of her own life to. I encouraged her to try and stay away from friends who normally go out with her to drink alcohol. I also encouraged her sister to be a â€Å"watch woman† for her in order to prevent any accident in the future. Traditional pediatric care is often based on the assumption that parents have the basic knowledge and resources to provide a nurturing, safe environment and to provide for the emotional, physical, developmental, and health care needs of their infants and young children. Unfortunately, many families have insufficient knowledge of parenting skills and an inadequate support system of friends, extended family, or professionals to help with these vital tasks. Home-visit ation programs offer an effective mechanism to ensure ongoing parental education, social support, and linkage with public and private community services(†¦) The following day, we visited Miss AA at home. On this day, unlike the previous one when we met Miss AA drunk and unkempt, she really appeared neat. She had seen to her personal hygiene needs, did not have the alcoholic breath smell and was assisting a neighbor in preparation of food for a  naming ceremony later in the afternoon. We advised her to turn down any alcoholic beverage she may be served with, which she agreed to. The Vitafol pills were then handed over to her as promised and she was congratulated for staying away from alcohol. My feelings about Madam AA’s drinking habit reminded me of what we have been taken through on the subject of substance abuse especially alcohol being the most dangerous of these substances. I was however astonished to see a young woman who was so careless with her life. In fact, immediately I saw Madam AA, for the first time, I was prejudiced. I thought for a moment that she may be suffering from one form of psychosis or the other. This was when I realized that, keeping this woman at home was not the best of options for her. I just judged her in my heart without thinking professionally. She actually needed care in the psychiatric hospital. She needs to see a psychologist for sessions. Being on admission for monitoring would have been the best of alternative for her but all I could do was judge her. On evaluation, a small but growing body of research has supported the effectiveness of home-visitation programs. The following benefits have been found as an outcome of some, but not all home visitor programs. Olds DL, Kitzman H. Review of research on home visiting for pregnant women and parents of young children. Future Child. 1993;3:53–92 According to Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Tatelbaum R, Chamberlin R.,(1993) in the journal, Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics. prenatal benefits of home visiting includes; Increased use of prenatal care, increased birth weight, decreased preterm labor and increased length of gestation, increased use of health and other community resources (eg, prenatal visits, well-child visits, family, planning programs for women, infants, and children [WIC], and immunizations, improved nutrition during pregnancy, fewer urinary tract infections during pregnancy, increased attendance at childbirth classes and decrease in maternal smoking and alcohol intake. The bad aspect of Madam AA’s situation was, she was prone to falls and normally topples over her abdomen but that never deter her from drinking the  next day. In addition to her accidents, she had also defaulted from her ANC attendance so there was very little to learn from the progress of her pregnancy. That is, the present state of her fetus and that of her own health was unknown. In a report by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) released on September 9, 2013, it stated that women who drink alcohol while pregnant increase the risk that their infants will have physical, learning, and/or behavior problems, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). These problems are caused by alcohol and can be permanent. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any stage during a pregnancy, even before a woman knows she is pregnant. If a woman is pregnant, there is no known amount or type of alcohol that is safe for her to drink. To prevent problems like FASD, a woman who is pregnant or likely to become pregnant should not drink alcohol. However, the good aspect of the situation was our meeting with Madam AA was very timely so we gave the necessary education on the importance of attending ANC service. We informed her that this will help assess her condition and that of the unborn child. In addition we spoke to her on the need to abstain from alcohol so it however not surprising that we met her the next day in a better condition than the previous day., In analysis, public health nurses have been viewed as advocates of the poor, the disadvantaged, minorities, and any population groups in need of community-based, prevention-oriented health care services. As early as 1859, with the founding of the first district nursing association, nurses were viewed not as mere attendants of the sick, but as social reformers. Public Health Reports nurses were strategically located to become responsive to their communities’ unmet needs. (Gardner, M. S.: Public health nursing. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1917.) In this incident, I realized that the public health nurses do well to visit the various homes but their intervention to problem encountered is very minimal. For instance, in Miss AA’s case, it can clearly be seen that we should have made the appropriate referral for further management but that could not be done. We just counseled her and left her to her own fate. I therefore recommend that, the public health nurses will make contacts with other institutions for either curative or rehabilitative purposes. This will help in the proper referral  and further management of cases that are identified in the communities. I also recommend that certain special cases identified in the communities should be followed up on to know the outcome of the visit. Again, logistics such as easy means of transportation for the nurses to their various catchment areas should be provided. This will help in transporting any emergencies encountered in the communities to the appropriate facilities so that lives can be saved. In conclusion, there’s much to be gained from effective home visit such as identifying high risk persons and offering the appropriate intervention. In using the component of nursing service, assessment of Miss AA led us to the root cause of her drinking alcohol, she was educated and counseled but continuous support and arrangement for referral to the appropriate facility for further management was not done. Despite the intuitive appeal of deploying health care professionals whose target of care is the whole community, public health nursing has not been firmly institutionalized in the nation’s health care system. Indeed, in many metropolitan areas, PHN services are facing unprecedented budget cutbacks and staffing reductions. List of references 1. Schieber GJ, Poullier JP, Greenwald LM. Health care systems in twenty four countries. Health Aff (Millwood). 1991;10:22–38 2. Kamerman SB, Kahn AJ. Home health visiting in Europe. Future Child. 1993;3:39–52 3. Buhler-Wilkerson K. Public health nursing: in sickness or in health? Am J Public Health. 1985;75:1155–1161 4. Weiss HB. Home visits: necessary but not sufficient. Future Child. 1993; 3:113–128 5. Baker JP. Women and the invention of well child care. Pediatrics. 1994; 94:527–531 6. Chapman J, Siegel E, Cross A. Home visitors and child health: analysis of selected programs. Pediatrics. 1990;85:1059–1068 7. . Olds DL, Kitzman H. Review of research on home visiting for pregnant women and parents of young children. Future Child. 1993;3:53–92 8. Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Tatelbaum R, Chamberlin R. Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home. Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublic ations.org at Ghana:AAP Sponsored on April 2, 2014